1 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:40,150 in february of 1987 2 00:00:40,150 --> 00:00:40,160 in february of 1987 3 00:00:40,160 --> 00:00:42,950 in february of 1987 astronomers looking at the nearby galaxy 4 00:00:42,950 --> 00:00:42,960 astronomers looking at the nearby galaxy 5 00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:46,389 astronomers looking at the nearby galaxy called the large magellanic cloud 6 00:00:46,389 --> 00:00:46,399 called the large magellanic cloud 7 00:00:46,399 --> 00:00:50,869 called the large magellanic cloud witnessed a rare event 8 00:00:50,869 --> 00:00:50,879 9 00:00:50,879 --> 00:00:53,350 a supernova explosion 10 00:00:53,350 --> 00:00:53,360 a supernova explosion 11 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:56,709 a supernova explosion the spectacular death of the star 12 00:00:56,709 --> 00:00:56,719 the spectacular death of the star 13 00:00:56,719 --> 00:00:58,790 the spectacular death of the star astronomers around the world have 14 00:00:58,790 --> 00:00:58,800 astronomers around the world have 15 00:00:58,800 --> 00:01:02,150 astronomers around the world have eagerly studied supernova 1987 a with 16 00:01:02,150 --> 00:01:02,160 eagerly studied supernova 1987 a with 17 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:04,789 eagerly studied supernova 1987 a with sensitive telescopes hoping to learn 18 00:01:04,789 --> 00:01:04,799 sensitive telescopes hoping to learn 19 00:01:04,799 --> 00:01:07,270 sensitive telescopes hoping to learn what will happen to the expanding debris 20 00:01:07,270 --> 00:01:07,280 what will happen to the expanding debris 21 00:01:07,280 --> 00:01:10,390 what will happen to the expanding debris and the fiery core of the star 22 00:01:10,390 --> 00:01:10,400 and the fiery core of the star 23 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:12,310 and the fiery core of the star has the inner core collapsed as 24 00:01:12,310 --> 00:01:12,320 has the inner core collapsed as 25 00:01:12,320 --> 00:01:14,789 has the inner core collapsed as scientists expect into a tiny dense 26 00:01:14,789 --> 00:01:14,799 scientists expect into a tiny dense 27 00:01:14,799 --> 00:01:18,310 scientists expect into a tiny dense pulsing neutron star at the center 28 00:01:18,310 --> 00:01:18,320 pulsing neutron star at the center 29 00:01:18,320 --> 00:01:21,990 pulsing neutron star at the center in the exploding gas in giant supernovas 30 00:01:21,990 --> 00:01:22,000 in the exploding gas in giant supernovas 31 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:25,109 in the exploding gas in giant supernovas in hundreds of millions of stars 32 00:01:25,109 --> 00:01:25,119 in hundreds of millions of stars 33 00:01:25,119 --> 00:01:28,469 in hundreds of millions of stars in huge spiraling galaxies 34 00:01:28,469 --> 00:01:28,479 in huge spiraling galaxies 35 00:01:28,479 --> 00:01:30,950 in huge spiraling galaxies in distant quasars whose light has been 36 00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:30,960 in distant quasars whose light has been 37 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:32,789 in distant quasars whose light has been traveling to us since the beginning of 38 00:01:32,789 --> 00:01:32,799 traveling to us since the beginning of 39 00:01:32,799 --> 00:01:34,230 traveling to us since the beginning of the universe 40 00:01:34,230 --> 00:01:34,240 the universe 41 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:36,550 the universe in these fantastic objects 42 00:01:36,550 --> 00:01:36,560 in these fantastic objects 43 00:01:36,560 --> 00:01:38,630 in these fantastic objects astronomers have learned that great 44 00:01:38,630 --> 00:01:38,640 astronomers have learned that great 45 00:01:38,640 --> 00:01:40,710 astronomers have learned that great forces heat gasses to extreme 46 00:01:40,710 --> 00:01:40,720 forces heat gasses to extreme 47 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,429 forces heat gasses to extreme temperatures above tens of millions of 48 00:01:43,429 --> 00:01:43,439 temperatures above tens of millions of 49 00:01:43,439 --> 00:01:44,630 temperatures above tens of millions of degrees 50 00:01:44,630 --> 00:01:44,640 degrees 51 00:01:44,640 --> 00:01:46,870 degrees causing them to emit massive amounts of 52 00:01:46,870 --> 00:01:46,880 causing them to emit massive amounts of 53 00:01:46,880 --> 00:01:49,670 causing them to emit massive amounts of x-rays 54 00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:49,680 55 00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:51,670 the space shuttle will carry sensitive 56 00:01:51,670 --> 00:01:51,680 the space shuttle will carry sensitive 57 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:53,910 the space shuttle will carry sensitive new telescopes into orbit to study the 58 00:01:53,910 --> 00:01:53,920 new telescopes into orbit to study the 59 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:55,590 new telescopes into orbit to study the cosmos 60 00:01:55,590 --> 00:01:55,600 cosmos 61 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:57,830 cosmos one telescope measures x-rays emitted 62 00:01:57,830 --> 00:01:57,840 one telescope measures x-rays emitted 63 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,389 one telescope measures x-rays emitted from supernovas quasars and other high 64 00:02:00,389 --> 00:02:00,399 from supernovas quasars and other high 65 00:02:00,399 --> 00:02:02,789 from supernovas quasars and other high energy targets in space 66 00:02:02,789 --> 00:02:02,799 energy targets in space 67 00:02:02,799 --> 00:02:04,550 energy targets in space priceless new information from this 68 00:02:04,550 --> 00:02:04,560 priceless new information from this 69 00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:07,190 priceless new information from this broadband x-ray telescope will help 70 00:02:07,190 --> 00:02:07,200 broadband x-ray telescope will help 71 00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:09,430 broadband x-ray telescope will help scientists uncover more pieces in the 72 00:02:09,430 --> 00:02:09,440 scientists uncover more pieces in the 73 00:02:09,440 --> 00:02:20,830 scientists uncover more pieces in the puzzle of knowledge about the 74 00:02:20,830 --> 00:02:20,840 75 00:02:20,840 --> 00:02:24,150 universe go for main engine start 76 00:02:24,150 --> 00:02:24,160 universe go for main engine start 77 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:26,390 universe go for main engine start four three two 78 00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:26,400 four three two 79 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:28,150 four three two one 80 00:02:28,150 --> 00:02:28,160 one 81 00:02:28,160 --> 00:02:29,110 one and 82 00:02:29,110 --> 00:02:29,120 and 83 00:02:29,120 --> 00:02:31,910 and liftoff liftoff on columbia and its 84 00:02:31,910 --> 00:02:31,920 liftoff liftoff on columbia and its 85 00:02:31,920 --> 00:02:35,750 liftoff liftoff on columbia and its return to flight 86 00:02:35,750 --> 00:02:35,760 87 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:38,470 in the spring of 1990 the space shuttle 88 00:02:38,470 --> 00:02:38,480 in the spring of 1990 the space shuttle 89 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:40,550 in the spring of 1990 the space shuttle columbia will lift off on a special 90 00:02:40,550 --> 00:02:40,560 columbia will lift off on a special 91 00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:43,030 columbia will lift off on a special mission called astro one 92 00:02:43,030 --> 00:02:43,040 mission called astro one 93 00:02:43,040 --> 00:02:45,350 mission called astro one dedicated to scientific observations of 94 00:02:45,350 --> 00:02:45,360 dedicated to scientific observations of 95 00:02:45,360 --> 00:02:46,949 dedicated to scientific observations of our universe 96 00:02:46,949 --> 00:02:46,959 our universe 97 00:02:46,959 --> 00:02:49,430 our universe once in orbit four new telescopes will 98 00:02:49,430 --> 00:02:49,440 once in orbit four new telescopes will 99 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:51,350 once in orbit four new telescopes will be operated from the shuttle's payload 100 00:02:51,350 --> 00:02:51,360 be operated from the shuttle's payload 101 00:02:51,360 --> 00:02:52,589 be operated from the shuttle's payload bay 102 00:02:52,589 --> 00:02:52,599 bay 103 00:02:52,599 --> 00:02:56,550 bay bbxrt the broadband x-ray telescope 104 00:02:56,550 --> 00:02:56,560 bbxrt the broadband x-ray telescope 105 00:02:56,560 --> 00:02:59,509 bbxrt the broadband x-ray telescope analyzes x-rays emitted by extremely hot 106 00:02:59,509 --> 00:02:59,519 analyzes x-rays emitted by extremely hot 107 00:02:59,519 --> 00:03:01,910 analyzes x-rays emitted by extremely hot and energetic stars and galaxies in 108 00:03:01,910 --> 00:03:01,920 and energetic stars and galaxies in 109 00:03:01,920 --> 00:03:02,830 and energetic stars and galaxies in distant 110 00:03:02,830 --> 00:03:02,840 distant 111 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:05,670 distant space three other telescopes mounted 112 00:03:05,670 --> 00:03:05,680 space three other telescopes mounted 113 00:03:05,680 --> 00:03:08,309 space three other telescopes mounted together on a pointing platform examine 114 00:03:08,309 --> 00:03:08,319 together on a pointing platform examine 115 00:03:08,319 --> 00:03:10,390 together on a pointing platform examine ultraviolet light emitted from nearby 116 00:03:10,390 --> 00:03:10,400 ultraviolet light emitted from nearby 117 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:12,630 ultraviolet light emitted from nearby objects in our solar system and from 118 00:03:12,630 --> 00:03:12,640 objects in our solar system and from 119 00:03:12,640 --> 00:03:15,509 objects in our solar system and from stars and distant galaxies 120 00:03:15,509 --> 00:03:15,519 stars and distant galaxies 121 00:03:15,519 --> 00:03:17,670 stars and distant galaxies these telescopes must be operated in 122 00:03:17,670 --> 00:03:17,680 these telescopes must be operated in 123 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:18,550 these telescopes must be operated in space 124 00:03:18,550 --> 00:03:18,560 space 125 00:03:18,560 --> 00:03:20,630 space because the earth's atmosphere prevents 126 00:03:20,630 --> 00:03:20,640 because the earth's atmosphere prevents 127 00:03:20,640 --> 00:03:23,430 because the earth's atmosphere prevents most radiation including x-rays and 128 00:03:23,430 --> 00:03:23,440 most radiation including x-rays and 129 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:25,270 most radiation including x-rays and ultraviolet light from reaching the 130 00:03:25,270 --> 00:03:25,280 ultraviolet light from reaching the 131 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:27,110 ultraviolet light from reaching the ground 132 00:03:27,110 --> 00:03:27,120 ground 133 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:29,190 ground the visible light that we can see is a 134 00:03:29,190 --> 00:03:29,200 the visible light that we can see is a 135 00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:31,110 the visible light that we can see is a surprisingly small portion of the 136 00:03:31,110 --> 00:03:31,120 surprisingly small portion of the 137 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:33,990 surprisingly small portion of the radiation that is emitted in space 138 00:03:33,990 --> 00:03:34,000 radiation that is emitted in space 139 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:35,589 radiation that is emitted in space we know that massive amounts of 140 00:03:35,589 --> 00:03:35,599 we know that massive amounts of 141 00:03:35,599 --> 00:03:37,670 we know that massive amounts of radiation are emitted in the invisible 142 00:03:37,670 --> 00:03:37,680 radiation are emitted in the invisible 143 00:03:37,680 --> 00:03:40,229 radiation are emitted in the invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum 144 00:03:40,229 --> 00:03:40,239 portion of the electromagnetic spectrum 145 00:03:40,239 --> 00:03:43,430 portion of the electromagnetic spectrum including ultraviolet light and x-rays 146 00:03:43,430 --> 00:03:43,440 including ultraviolet light and x-rays 147 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:45,430 including ultraviolet light and x-rays each type of radiation provides 148 00:03:45,430 --> 00:03:45,440 each type of radiation provides 149 00:03:45,440 --> 00:03:47,270 each type of radiation provides different clues about the nature of the 150 00:03:47,270 --> 00:03:47,280 different clues about the nature of the 151 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:48,630 different clues about the nature of the object 152 00:03:48,630 --> 00:03:48,640 object 153 00:03:48,640 --> 00:03:51,110 object the broadband x-ray telescope studies 154 00:03:51,110 --> 00:03:51,120 the broadband x-ray telescope studies 155 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:53,429 the broadband x-ray telescope studies radiation emitted in a large portion of 156 00:03:53,429 --> 00:03:53,439 radiation emitted in a large portion of 157 00:03:53,439 --> 00:03:55,830 radiation emitted in a large portion of the x-ray spectrum which has never been 158 00:03:55,830 --> 00:03:55,840 the x-ray spectrum which has never been 159 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,030 the x-ray spectrum which has never been studied before in great detail 160 00:03:59,030 --> 00:03:59,040 studied before in great detail 161 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,229 studied before in great detail for example bbxrt can detect which 162 00:04:02,229 --> 00:04:02,239 for example bbxrt can detect which 163 00:04:02,239 --> 00:04:03,990 for example bbxrt can detect which chemical elements are present in an 164 00:04:03,990 --> 00:04:04,000 chemical elements are present in an 165 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:07,830 chemical elements are present in an x-ray source such as oxygen magnesium 166 00:04:07,830 --> 00:04:07,840 x-ray source such as oxygen magnesium 167 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:08,789 x-ray source such as oxygen magnesium silicon 168 00:04:08,789 --> 00:04:08,799 silicon 169 00:04:08,799 --> 00:04:10,949 silicon sulfur and calcium 170 00:04:10,949 --> 00:04:10,959 sulfur and calcium 171 00:04:10,959 --> 00:04:13,670 sulfur and calcium elements that are abundant in space and 172 00:04:13,670 --> 00:04:13,680 elements that are abundant in space and 173 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:17,030 elements that are abundant in space and essential to life on earth 174 00:04:17,030 --> 00:04:17,040 essential to life on earth 175 00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:20,469 essential to life on earth bbxrt is the first x-ray telescope used 176 00:04:20,469 --> 00:04:20,479 bbxrt is the first x-ray telescope used 177 00:04:20,479 --> 00:04:22,629 bbxrt is the first x-ray telescope used in space that can detect the presence of 178 00:04:22,629 --> 00:04:22,639 in space that can detect the presence of 179 00:04:22,639 --> 00:04:25,590 in space that can detect the presence of iron in a broad variety of targets 180 00:04:25,590 --> 00:04:25,600 iron in a broad variety of targets 181 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:27,830 iron in a broad variety of targets because iron is one of the most abundant 182 00:04:27,830 --> 00:04:27,840 because iron is one of the most abundant 183 00:04:27,840 --> 00:04:30,150 because iron is one of the most abundant elements in the universe its presence in 184 00:04:30,150 --> 00:04:30,160 elements in the universe its presence in 185 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:32,390 elements in the universe its presence in an x-ray source provides tell-tale 186 00:04:32,390 --> 00:04:32,400 an x-ray source provides tell-tale 187 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,870 an x-ray source provides tell-tale evidence about that object for example 188 00:04:34,870 --> 00:04:34,880 evidence about that object for example 189 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:38,150 evidence about that object for example its size temperature how old it is 190 00:04:38,150 --> 00:04:38,160 its size temperature how old it is 191 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:40,710 its size temperature how old it is whether it rotates and at what speed and 192 00:04:40,710 --> 00:04:40,720 whether it rotates and at what speed and 193 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:46,469 whether it rotates and at what speed and other physical conditions 194 00:04:46,469 --> 00:04:46,479 195 00:04:46,479 --> 00:04:48,310 the dream of building and launching a 196 00:04:48,310 --> 00:04:48,320 the dream of building and launching a 197 00:04:48,320 --> 00:04:50,710 the dream of building and launching a broadband x-ray telescope into space 198 00:04:50,710 --> 00:04:50,720 broadband x-ray telescope into space 199 00:04:50,720 --> 00:04:53,670 broadband x-ray telescope into space began more than 12 years ago here at 200 00:04:53,670 --> 00:04:53,680 began more than 12 years ago here at 201 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:55,590 began more than 12 years ago here at nasa's goddard space flight center in 202 00:04:55,590 --> 00:04:55,600 nasa's goddard space flight center in 203 00:04:55,600 --> 00:04:57,430 nasa's goddard space flight center in greenbelt maryland 204 00:04:57,430 --> 00:04:57,440 greenbelt maryland 205 00:04:57,440 --> 00:04:59,670 greenbelt maryland over 40 satellites have been built and 206 00:04:59,670 --> 00:04:59,680 over 40 satellites have been built and 207 00:04:59,680 --> 00:05:02,070 over 40 satellites have been built and tested at goddard countless others have 208 00:05:02,070 --> 00:05:02,080 tested at goddard countless others have 209 00:05:02,080 --> 00:05:03,830 tested at goddard countless others have been managed by nasa's greenbelt 210 00:05:03,830 --> 00:05:03,840 been managed by nasa's greenbelt 211 00:05:03,840 --> 00:05:05,590 been managed by nasa's greenbelt facility 212 00:05:05,590 --> 00:05:05,600 facility 213 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:07,749 facility in the late 1970s 214 00:05:07,749 --> 00:05:07,759 in the late 1970s 215 00:05:07,759 --> 00:05:10,070 in the late 1970s dr peter cerlamitsos working in 216 00:05:10,070 --> 00:05:10,080 dr peter cerlamitsos working in 217 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:11,990 dr peter cerlamitsos working in goddard's high energy astrophysics 218 00:05:11,990 --> 00:05:12,000 goddard's high energy astrophysics 219 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:14,230 goddard's high energy astrophysics laboratory developed a light and 220 00:05:14,230 --> 00:05:14,240 laboratory developed a light and 221 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:16,710 laboratory developed a light and inexpensive mirror sufficiently smooth 222 00:05:16,710 --> 00:05:16,720 inexpensive mirror sufficiently smooth 223 00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:18,629 inexpensive mirror sufficiently smooth to reflect x-rays 224 00:05:18,629 --> 00:05:18,639 to reflect x-rays 225 00:05:18,639 --> 00:05:21,510 to reflect x-rays it was made from shiny aluminum foil 226 00:05:21,510 --> 00:05:21,520 it was made from shiny aluminum foil 227 00:05:21,520 --> 00:05:24,469 it was made from shiny aluminum foil coated with acrylic and gold the mirrors 228 00:05:24,469 --> 00:05:24,479 coated with acrylic and gold the mirrors 229 00:05:24,479 --> 00:05:26,390 coated with acrylic and gold the mirrors were nested together in a housing to 230 00:05:26,390 --> 00:05:26,400 were nested together in a housing to 231 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:28,550 were nested together in a housing to provide the large surface area needed to 232 00:05:28,550 --> 00:05:28,560 provide the large surface area needed to 233 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:30,469 provide the large surface area needed to gather x-rays 234 00:05:30,469 --> 00:05:30,479 gather x-rays 235 00:05:30,479 --> 00:05:32,950 gather x-rays these foil mirrors made the telescope 236 00:05:32,950 --> 00:05:32,960 these foil mirrors made the telescope 237 00:05:32,960 --> 00:05:34,870 these foil mirrors made the telescope light enough to be carried into space on 238 00:05:34,870 --> 00:05:34,880 light enough to be carried into space on 239 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:36,790 light enough to be carried into space on the shuttle 240 00:05:36,790 --> 00:05:36,800 the shuttle 241 00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:38,469 the shuttle once the telescope was approved for 242 00:05:38,469 --> 00:05:38,479 once the telescope was approved for 243 00:05:38,479 --> 00:05:41,029 once the telescope was approved for flight teams of up to 100 goddard 244 00:05:41,029 --> 00:05:41,039 flight teams of up to 100 goddard 245 00:05:41,039 --> 00:05:43,670 flight teams of up to 100 goddard scientists engineers and technicians 246 00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:43,680 scientists engineers and technicians 247 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:45,670 scientists engineers and technicians worked for five years to build the 248 00:05:45,670 --> 00:05:45,680 worked for five years to build the 249 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:47,749 worked for five years to build the instrument and a unique reusable 250 00:05:47,749 --> 00:05:47,759 instrument and a unique reusable 251 00:05:47,759 --> 00:05:50,469 instrument and a unique reusable pointing system for the telescope 252 00:05:50,469 --> 00:05:50,479 pointing system for the telescope 253 00:05:50,479 --> 00:05:52,710 pointing system for the telescope payload manager frank volpe describes 254 00:05:52,710 --> 00:05:52,720 payload manager frank volpe describes 255 00:05:52,720 --> 00:05:55,830 payload manager frank volpe describes the challenges of building the telescope 256 00:05:55,830 --> 00:05:55,840 the challenges of building the telescope 257 00:05:55,840 --> 00:05:57,909 the challenges of building the telescope when you fly in the orbiter the the key 258 00:05:57,909 --> 00:05:57,919 when you fly in the orbiter the the key 259 00:05:57,919 --> 00:06:01,189 when you fly in the orbiter the the key most criteria is to make sure it's safe 260 00:06:01,189 --> 00:06:01,199 most criteria is to make sure it's safe 261 00:06:01,199 --> 00:06:02,870 most criteria is to make sure it's safe so we have gone through extensive 262 00:06:02,870 --> 00:06:02,880 so we have gone through extensive 263 00:06:02,880 --> 00:06:05,510 so we have gone through extensive testing and design to ensure that in no 264 00:06:05,510 --> 00:06:05,520 testing and design to ensure that in no 265 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:07,749 testing and design to ensure that in no way jeopardize the health and safety of 266 00:06:07,749 --> 00:06:07,759 way jeopardize the health and safety of 267 00:06:07,759 --> 00:06:09,749 way jeopardize the health and safety of the crew and the orbiter 268 00:06:09,749 --> 00:06:09,759 the crew and the orbiter 269 00:06:09,759 --> 00:06:11,990 the crew and the orbiter to that extent you also must make sure 270 00:06:11,990 --> 00:06:12,000 to that extent you also must make sure 271 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:15,189 to that extent you also must make sure that it is its limits of weight 272 00:06:15,189 --> 00:06:15,199 that it is its limits of weight 273 00:06:15,199 --> 00:06:17,830 that it is its limits of weight and power and thermal requirements all 274 00:06:17,830 --> 00:06:17,840 and power and thermal requirements all 275 00:06:17,840 --> 00:06:19,909 and power and thermal requirements all within the constraints of the orbiter 276 00:06:19,909 --> 00:06:19,919 within the constraints of the orbiter 277 00:06:19,919 --> 00:06:22,309 within the constraints of the orbiter itself we had to take some 278 00:06:22,309 --> 00:06:22,319 itself we had to take some 279 00:06:22,319 --> 00:06:24,309 itself we had to take some exceptional uh 280 00:06:24,309 --> 00:06:24,319 exceptional uh 281 00:06:24,319 --> 00:06:26,230 exceptional uh steps to ensure that 282 00:06:26,230 --> 00:06:26,240 steps to ensure that 283 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:28,309 steps to ensure that the thermal systems remained within its 284 00:06:28,309 --> 00:06:28,319 the thermal systems remained within its 285 00:06:28,319 --> 00:06:30,710 the thermal systems remained within its limits at one end of the telescope 286 00:06:30,710 --> 00:06:30,720 limits at one end of the telescope 287 00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:33,110 limits at one end of the telescope we have elements operating at a very 288 00:06:33,110 --> 00:06:33,120 we have elements operating at a very 289 00:06:33,120 --> 00:06:35,670 we have elements operating at a very very cold temperature around 40 degrees 290 00:06:35,670 --> 00:06:35,680 very cold temperature around 40 degrees 291 00:06:35,680 --> 00:06:36,629 very cold temperature around 40 degrees kelvin 292 00:06:36,629 --> 00:06:36,639 kelvin 293 00:06:36,639 --> 00:06:38,950 kelvin at other places on the telescope and the 294 00:06:38,950 --> 00:06:38,960 at other places on the telescope and the 295 00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:40,629 at other places on the telescope and the payload we have 296 00:06:40,629 --> 00:06:40,639 payload we have 297 00:06:40,639 --> 00:06:43,029 payload we have boxes that like to operate near room 298 00:06:43,029 --> 00:06:43,039 boxes that like to operate near room 299 00:06:43,039 --> 00:06:44,309 boxes that like to operate near room temperature 300 00:06:44,309 --> 00:06:44,319 temperature 301 00:06:44,319 --> 00:06:46,629 temperature once the telescope was built it was 302 00:06:46,629 --> 00:06:46,639 once the telescope was built it was 303 00:06:46,639 --> 00:06:48,309 once the telescope was built it was lowered into the two-axis pointing 304 00:06:48,309 --> 00:06:48,319 lowered into the two-axis pointing 305 00:06:48,319 --> 00:06:50,309 lowered into the two-axis pointing system structure 306 00:06:50,309 --> 00:06:50,319 system structure 307 00:06:50,319 --> 00:06:52,629 system structure during the integration and testing phase 308 00:06:52,629 --> 00:06:52,639 during the integration and testing phase 309 00:06:52,639 --> 00:06:54,550 during the integration and testing phase the complex electronic systems 310 00:06:54,550 --> 00:06:54,560 the complex electronic systems 311 00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:56,230 the complex electronic systems controlling the telescope and the 312 00:06:56,230 --> 00:06:56,240 controlling the telescope and the 313 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:58,469 controlling the telescope and the support structure were wired together 314 00:06:58,469 --> 00:06:58,479 support structure were wired together 315 00:06:58,479 --> 00:07:00,550 support structure were wired together and repeatedly checked 316 00:07:00,550 --> 00:07:00,560 and repeatedly checked 317 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:02,309 and repeatedly checked blankets were attached to achieve the 318 00:07:02,309 --> 00:07:02,319 blankets were attached to achieve the 319 00:07:02,319 --> 00:07:05,270 blankets were attached to achieve the required thermal insulation in space 320 00:07:05,270 --> 00:07:05,280 required thermal insulation in space 321 00:07:05,280 --> 00:07:08,070 required thermal insulation in space vibration acoustics and thermal vacuum 322 00:07:08,070 --> 00:07:08,080 vibration acoustics and thermal vacuum 323 00:07:08,080 --> 00:07:10,710 vibration acoustics and thermal vacuum tests were conducted on the telescope to 324 00:07:10,710 --> 00:07:10,720 tests were conducted on the telescope to 325 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:12,629 tests were conducted on the telescope to simulate conditions encountered during 326 00:07:12,629 --> 00:07:12,639 simulate conditions encountered during 327 00:07:12,639 --> 00:07:14,309 simulate conditions encountered during the mission 328 00:07:14,309 --> 00:07:14,319 the mission 329 00:07:14,319 --> 00:07:16,230 the mission some of the shuttle astronauts shown 330 00:07:16,230 --> 00:07:16,240 some of the shuttle astronauts shown 331 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:18,629 some of the shuttle astronauts shown here in their anti-contamination suits 332 00:07:18,629 --> 00:07:18,639 here in their anti-contamination suits 333 00:07:18,639 --> 00:07:20,790 here in their anti-contamination suits came to goddard to get a first-hand look 334 00:07:20,790 --> 00:07:20,800 came to goddard to get a first-hand look 335 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:22,390 came to goddard to get a first-hand look at the new telescope that they will 336 00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:22,400 at the new telescope that they will 337 00:07:22,400 --> 00:07:24,629 at the new telescope that they will carry into orbit 338 00:07:24,629 --> 00:07:24,639 carry into orbit 339 00:07:24,639 --> 00:07:26,790 carry into orbit goddard scientists have carefully chosen 340 00:07:26,790 --> 00:07:26,800 goddard scientists have carefully chosen 341 00:07:26,800 --> 00:07:29,430 goddard scientists have carefully chosen the x-ray sources that the bbxrt will 342 00:07:29,430 --> 00:07:29,440 the x-ray sources that the bbxrt will 343 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:30,790 the x-ray sources that the bbxrt will observe 344 00:07:30,790 --> 00:07:30,800 observe 345 00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:33,110 observe these unusually hot and energetic 346 00:07:33,110 --> 00:07:33,120 these unusually hot and energetic 347 00:07:33,120 --> 00:07:36,469 these unusually hot and energetic targets vary from tiny neutron stars 348 00:07:36,469 --> 00:07:36,479 targets vary from tiny neutron stars 349 00:07:36,479 --> 00:07:39,270 targets vary from tiny neutron stars drawing gas from a larger companion star 350 00:07:39,270 --> 00:07:39,280 drawing gas from a larger companion star 351 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:45,189 drawing gas from a larger companion star to giant clusters of galaxies 352 00:07:45,189 --> 00:07:45,199 353 00:07:45,199 --> 00:07:48,710 a prime bbxrt target is a supernova 354 00:07:48,710 --> 00:07:48,720 a prime bbxrt target is a supernova 355 00:07:48,720 --> 00:07:51,510 a prime bbxrt target is a supernova remnant the exploded outer shell of a 356 00:07:51,510 --> 00:07:51,520 remnant the exploded outer shell of a 357 00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:55,749 remnant the exploded outer shell of a star which occupies vast areas in space 358 00:07:55,749 --> 00:07:55,759 star which occupies vast areas in space 359 00:07:55,759 --> 00:07:58,390 star which occupies vast areas in space the outer edges heated to extreme 360 00:07:58,390 --> 00:07:58,400 the outer edges heated to extreme 361 00:07:58,400 --> 00:08:01,110 the outer edges heated to extreme temperatures by shock waves emit 362 00:08:01,110 --> 00:08:01,120 temperatures by shock waves emit 363 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:03,589 temperatures by shock waves emit millions of x-rays 364 00:08:03,589 --> 00:08:03,599 millions of x-rays 365 00:08:03,599 --> 00:08:05,070 millions of x-rays in these regions 366 00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:05,080 in these regions 367 00:08:05,080 --> 00:08:08,070 in these regions bbxrt can detect the presence of heavy 368 00:08:08,070 --> 00:08:08,080 bbxrt can detect the presence of heavy 369 00:08:08,080 --> 00:08:10,309 bbxrt can detect the presence of heavy elements such as iron and many other 370 00:08:10,309 --> 00:08:10,319 elements such as iron and many other 371 00:08:10,319 --> 00:08:13,510 elements such as iron and many other elements that make up our own bodies 372 00:08:13,510 --> 00:08:13,520 elements that make up our own bodies 373 00:08:13,520 --> 00:08:16,150 elements that make up our own bodies by studying the supernova the x-ray 374 00:08:16,150 --> 00:08:16,160 by studying the supernova the x-ray 375 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:17,830 by studying the supernova the x-ray telescope will contribute new 376 00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:17,840 telescope will contribute new 377 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:19,990 telescope will contribute new information about how these important 378 00:08:19,990 --> 00:08:20,000 information about how these important 379 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,589 information about how these important elements are manufactured inside stars 380 00:08:23,589 --> 00:08:23,599 elements are manufactured inside stars 381 00:08:23,599 --> 00:08:26,950 elements are manufactured inside stars bbxrt principal investigator dr peter 382 00:08:26,950 --> 00:08:26,960 bbxrt principal investigator dr peter 383 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:28,629 bbxrt principal investigator dr peter cerlemitsos 384 00:08:28,629 --> 00:08:28,639 cerlemitsos 385 00:08:28,639 --> 00:08:30,869 cerlemitsos everything we learn from it is telltale 386 00:08:30,869 --> 00:08:30,879 everything we learn from it is telltale 387 00:08:30,879 --> 00:08:34,230 everything we learn from it is telltale evidence of what was inside the star 388 00:08:34,230 --> 00:08:34,240 evidence of what was inside the star 389 00:08:34,240 --> 00:08:36,230 evidence of what was inside the star you know how we're going to study what 390 00:08:36,230 --> 00:08:36,240 you know how we're going to study what 391 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:38,310 you know how we're going to study what the star is forming inside we're waiting 392 00:08:38,310 --> 00:08:38,320 the star is forming inside we're waiting 393 00:08:38,320 --> 00:08:40,709 the star is forming inside we're waiting for it to spew this matter out in the 394 00:08:40,709 --> 00:08:40,719 for it to spew this matter out in the 395 00:08:40,719 --> 00:08:43,029 for it to spew this matter out in the interstellar space and therefore 396 00:08:43,029 --> 00:08:43,039 interstellar space and therefore 397 00:08:43,039 --> 00:08:45,430 interstellar space and therefore from the pieces out there we see the 398 00:08:45,430 --> 00:08:45,440 from the pieces out there we see the 399 00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:47,990 from the pieces out there we see the x-ray emission that tells us what was 400 00:08:47,990 --> 00:08:48,000 x-ray emission that tells us what was 401 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:50,470 x-ray emission that tells us what was forming the star what how much iron how 402 00:08:50,470 --> 00:08:50,480 forming the star what how much iron how 403 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:53,190 forming the star what how much iron how much silicon and so forth 404 00:08:53,190 --> 00:08:53,200 much silicon and so forth 405 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:56,030 much silicon and so forth as the exploded outer shell of supernova 406 00:08:56,030 --> 00:08:56,040 as the exploded outer shell of supernova 407 00:08:56,040 --> 00:08:59,030 as the exploded outer shell of supernova 1987a dissipates into space 408 00:08:59,030 --> 00:08:59,040 1987a dissipates into space 409 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:02,070 1987a dissipates into space it may be possible for bbxrt to observe 410 00:09:02,070 --> 00:09:02,080 it may be possible for bbxrt to observe 411 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:04,790 it may be possible for bbxrt to observe the existence of a neutron star at the 412 00:09:04,790 --> 00:09:04,800 the existence of a neutron star at the 413 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:06,310 the existence of a neutron star at the center 414 00:09:06,310 --> 00:09:06,320 center 415 00:09:06,320 --> 00:09:08,470 center neutron stars are formed during a 416 00:09:08,470 --> 00:09:08,480 neutron stars are formed during a 417 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:10,790 neutron stars are formed during a supernova explosion when the inner 418 00:09:10,790 --> 00:09:10,800 supernova explosion when the inner 419 00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:13,430 supernova explosion when the inner region of a star collapses into a tiny 420 00:09:13,430 --> 00:09:13,440 region of a star collapses into a tiny 421 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:15,269 region of a star collapses into a tiny core 422 00:09:15,269 --> 00:09:15,279 core 423 00:09:15,279 --> 00:09:17,829 core pulsars are neutron stars that rotate 424 00:09:17,829 --> 00:09:17,839 pulsars are neutron stars that rotate 425 00:09:17,839 --> 00:09:20,710 pulsars are neutron stars that rotate extremely quickly some as fast as one 426 00:09:20,710 --> 00:09:20,720 extremely quickly some as fast as one 427 00:09:20,720 --> 00:09:22,870 extremely quickly some as fast as one thousand times a second 428 00:09:22,870 --> 00:09:22,880 thousand times a second 429 00:09:22,880 --> 00:09:25,030 thousand times a second they emit light and x-rays in 430 00:09:25,030 --> 00:09:25,040 they emit light and x-rays in 431 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:27,670 they emit light and x-rays in searchlight beams making them appear to 432 00:09:27,670 --> 00:09:27,680 searchlight beams making them appear to 433 00:09:27,680 --> 00:09:29,430 searchlight beams making them appear to blink on and off 434 00:09:29,430 --> 00:09:29,440 blink on and off 435 00:09:29,440 --> 00:09:31,430 blink on and off scientists believe that neutron stars 436 00:09:31,430 --> 00:09:31,440 scientists believe that neutron stars 437 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:33,750 scientists believe that neutron stars are unimaginably dense 438 00:09:33,750 --> 00:09:33,760 are unimaginably dense 439 00:09:33,760 --> 00:09:36,070 are unimaginably dense one teaspoonful of matter from a neutron 440 00:09:36,070 --> 00:09:36,080 one teaspoonful of matter from a neutron 441 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:41,110 one teaspoonful of matter from a neutron star would weigh over a billion tons 442 00:09:41,110 --> 00:09:41,120 star would weigh over a billion tons 443 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:43,430 star would weigh over a billion tons many neutron stars are often paired with 444 00:09:43,430 --> 00:09:43,440 many neutron stars are often paired with 445 00:09:43,440 --> 00:09:46,150 many neutron stars are often paired with a much larger companion star 446 00:09:46,150 --> 00:09:46,160 a much larger companion star 447 00:09:46,160 --> 00:09:48,710 a much larger companion star in this binary star system the tiny 448 00:09:48,710 --> 00:09:48,720 in this binary star system the tiny 449 00:09:48,720 --> 00:09:51,430 in this binary star system the tiny neutron star exerts an extremely strong 450 00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:51,440 neutron star exerts an extremely strong 451 00:09:51,440 --> 00:09:54,310 neutron star exerts an extremely strong gravitational pull which draws gas from 452 00:09:54,310 --> 00:09:54,320 gravitational pull which draws gas from 453 00:09:54,320 --> 00:09:56,470 gravitational pull which draws gas from the companion star 454 00:09:56,470 --> 00:09:56,480 the companion star 455 00:09:56,480 --> 00:09:58,790 the companion star the gas flows into an accretion disk 456 00:09:58,790 --> 00:09:58,800 the gas flows into an accretion disk 457 00:09:58,800 --> 00:10:01,110 the gas flows into an accretion disk around the neutron star 458 00:10:01,110 --> 00:10:01,120 around the neutron star 459 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:03,030 around the neutron star as it approaches the star 460 00:10:03,030 --> 00:10:03,040 as it approaches the star 461 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:06,069 as it approaches the star the gas is heated to millions of degrees 462 00:10:06,069 --> 00:10:06,079 the gas is heated to millions of degrees 463 00:10:06,079 --> 00:10:09,750 the gas is heated to millions of degrees and emits large amounts of x-rays 464 00:10:09,750 --> 00:10:09,760 and emits large amounts of x-rays 465 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:11,670 and emits large amounts of x-rays in some systems 466 00:10:11,670 --> 00:10:11,680 in some systems 467 00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:13,750 in some systems the gas flows onto the pole of the 468 00:10:13,750 --> 00:10:13,760 the gas flows onto the pole of the 469 00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:18,470 the gas flows onto the pole of the neutron star along its magnetic field 470 00:10:18,470 --> 00:10:18,480 neutron star along its magnetic field 471 00:10:18,480 --> 00:10:20,389 neutron star along its magnetic field scientists believe that some binary 472 00:10:20,389 --> 00:10:20,399 scientists believe that some binary 473 00:10:20,399 --> 00:10:22,630 scientists believe that some binary systems may contain a mysterious black 474 00:10:22,630 --> 00:10:22,640 systems may contain a mysterious black 475 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:25,990 systems may contain a mysterious black hole instead of a neutron star 476 00:10:25,990 --> 00:10:26,000 hole instead of a neutron star 477 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:28,550 hole instead of a neutron star x-rays are admitted as the swirling hot 478 00:10:28,550 --> 00:10:28,560 x-rays are admitted as the swirling hot 479 00:10:28,560 --> 00:10:31,670 x-rays are admitted as the swirling hot gas is drawn into the black hole 480 00:10:31,670 --> 00:10:31,680 gas is drawn into the black hole 481 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:33,750 gas is drawn into the black hole the gravitational force exerted by the 482 00:10:33,750 --> 00:10:33,760 the gravitational force exerted by the 483 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:36,310 the gravitational force exerted by the black hole is so strong that neither 484 00:10:36,310 --> 00:10:36,320 black hole is so strong that neither 485 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:38,710 black hole is so strong that neither light nor matter can escape once they 486 00:10:38,710 --> 00:10:38,720 light nor matter can escape once they 487 00:10:38,720 --> 00:10:40,630 light nor matter can escape once they are drawn in 488 00:10:40,630 --> 00:10:40,640 are drawn in 489 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:42,710 are drawn in the physical conditions found inside the 490 00:10:42,710 --> 00:10:42,720 the physical conditions found inside the 491 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:46,790 the physical conditions found inside the black hole are totally unknown 492 00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:46,800 black hole are totally unknown 493 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:48,710 black hole are totally unknown the x-ray telescope will study a 494 00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:48,720 the x-ray telescope will study a 495 00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:50,870 the x-ray telescope will study a suspected black hole in our galaxy 496 00:10:50,870 --> 00:10:50,880 suspected black hole in our galaxy 497 00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:53,509 suspected black hole in our galaxy called cygnus x1 498 00:10:53,509 --> 00:10:53,519 called cygnus x1 499 00:10:53,519 --> 00:10:56,230 called cygnus x1 scientists hope bbxrt 500 00:10:56,230 --> 00:10:56,240 scientists hope bbxrt 501 00:10:56,240 --> 00:10:58,550 scientists hope bbxrt will confirm the theory that material is 502 00:10:58,550 --> 00:10:58,560 will confirm the theory that material is 503 00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:01,190 will confirm the theory that material is actually spiraling around the black hole 504 00:11:01,190 --> 00:11:01,200 actually spiraling around the black hole 505 00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,069 actually spiraling around the black hole as it is drawn into it 506 00:11:04,069 --> 00:11:04,079 as it is drawn into it 507 00:11:04,079 --> 00:11:06,790 as it is drawn into it perhaps none of bbxrt's targets are as 508 00:11:06,790 --> 00:11:06,800 perhaps none of bbxrt's targets are as 509 00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:09,509 perhaps none of bbxrt's targets are as mysterious as the quasars 510 00:11:09,509 --> 00:11:09,519 mysterious as the quasars 511 00:11:09,519 --> 00:11:11,509 mysterious as the quasars though they look like stars 512 00:11:11,509 --> 00:11:11,519 though they look like stars 513 00:11:11,519 --> 00:11:13,910 though they look like stars quasars are believed to be the center of 514 00:11:13,910 --> 00:11:13,920 quasars are believed to be the center of 515 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:16,150 quasars are believed to be the center of distant galaxies formed billions of 516 00:11:16,150 --> 00:11:16,160 distant galaxies formed billions of 517 00:11:16,160 --> 00:11:17,670 distant galaxies formed billions of years ago 518 00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:17,680 years ago 519 00:11:17,680 --> 00:11:20,470 years ago yet a single quasar radiates more energy 520 00:11:20,470 --> 00:11:20,480 yet a single quasar radiates more energy 521 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,990 yet a single quasar radiates more energy than 100 normal galaxies combined 522 00:11:23,990 --> 00:11:24,000 than 100 normal galaxies combined 523 00:11:24,000 --> 00:11:26,069 than 100 normal galaxies combined it is believed that quasars may be 524 00:11:26,069 --> 00:11:26,079 it is believed that quasars may be 525 00:11:26,079 --> 00:11:29,430 it is believed that quasars may be powered by a massive black hole 526 00:11:29,430 --> 00:11:29,440 powered by a massive black hole 527 00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:31,829 powered by a massive black hole quasars are the furthest objects from 528 00:11:31,829 --> 00:11:31,839 quasars are the furthest objects from 529 00:11:31,839 --> 00:11:33,670 quasars are the furthest objects from earth ever observed 530 00:11:33,670 --> 00:11:33,680 earth ever observed 531 00:11:33,680 --> 00:11:35,750 earth ever observed so the light emitted from them dates 532 00:11:35,750 --> 00:11:35,760 so the light emitted from them dates 533 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:38,069 so the light emitted from them dates back to a time much closer to the big 534 00:11:38,069 --> 00:11:38,079 back to a time much closer to the big 535 00:11:38,079 --> 00:11:38,949 back to a time much closer to the big bang 536 00:11:38,949 --> 00:11:38,959 bang 537 00:11:38,959 --> 00:11:41,829 bang the indescribably huge explosion that 538 00:11:41,829 --> 00:11:41,839 the indescribably huge explosion that 539 00:11:41,839 --> 00:11:43,750 the indescribably huge explosion that scientists believe was the beginning of 540 00:11:43,750 --> 00:11:43,760 scientists believe was the beginning of 541 00:11:43,760 --> 00:11:45,670 scientists believe was the beginning of the universe 542 00:11:45,670 --> 00:11:45,680 the universe 543 00:11:45,680 --> 00:11:49,430 the universe bb xrt co-investigator frank marshall 544 00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:49,440 bb xrt co-investigator frank marshall 545 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:51,509 bb xrt co-investigator frank marshall quasars have been known for i guess more 546 00:11:51,509 --> 00:11:51,519 quasars have been known for i guess more 547 00:11:51,519 --> 00:11:53,750 quasars have been known for i guess more than 20 years now but it's still not 548 00:11:53,750 --> 00:11:53,760 than 20 years now but it's still not 549 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:55,590 than 20 years now but it's still not known what the 550 00:11:55,590 --> 00:11:55,600 known what the 551 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,069 known what the real energy generation mechanism 552 00:11:58,069 --> 00:11:58,079 real energy generation mechanism 553 00:11:58,079 --> 00:12:00,470 real energy generation mechanism in quasars is but x-rays allow you to 554 00:12:00,470 --> 00:12:00,480 in quasars is but x-rays allow you to 555 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,710 in quasars is but x-rays allow you to look very close into the central engine 556 00:12:02,710 --> 00:12:02,720 look very close into the central engine 557 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:05,110 look very close into the central engine of quasars which is where most of the 558 00:12:05,110 --> 00:12:05,120 of quasars which is where most of the 559 00:12:05,120 --> 00:12:07,269 of quasars which is where most of the action is going on so we'll look very 560 00:12:07,269 --> 00:12:07,279 action is going on so we'll look very 561 00:12:07,279 --> 00:12:09,590 action is going on so we'll look very close to what we think is the black hole 562 00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:09,600 close to what we think is the black hole 563 00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:13,190 close to what we think is the black hole at the at the center of the quasar and 564 00:12:13,190 --> 00:12:13,200 at the at the center of the quasar and 565 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:15,509 at the at the center of the quasar and get a measurement of perhaps how the 566 00:12:15,509 --> 00:12:15,519 get a measurement of perhaps how the 567 00:12:15,519 --> 00:12:17,750 get a measurement of perhaps how the material is is falling into the into the 568 00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:17,760 material is is falling into the into the 569 00:12:17,760 --> 00:12:18,949 material is is falling into the into the quasar 570 00:12:18,949 --> 00:12:18,959 quasar 571 00:12:18,959 --> 00:12:21,190 quasar and how large the object the center of 572 00:12:21,190 --> 00:12:21,200 and how large the object the center of 573 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:25,030 and how large the object the center of the quasar is 574 00:12:25,030 --> 00:12:25,040 575 00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:27,910 the largest areas bbxrt will study are 576 00:12:27,910 --> 00:12:27,920 the largest areas bbxrt will study are 577 00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:30,790 the largest areas bbxrt will study are clusters of galaxies where hundreds of 578 00:12:30,790 --> 00:12:30,800 clusters of galaxies where hundreds of 579 00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:32,949 clusters of galaxies where hundreds of galaxies move around each other in their 580 00:12:32,949 --> 00:12:32,959 galaxies move around each other in their 581 00:12:32,959 --> 00:12:35,269 galaxies move around each other in their own gravitational system 582 00:12:35,269 --> 00:12:35,279 own gravitational system 583 00:12:35,279 --> 00:12:36,870 own gravitational system previous x-ray instruments have 584 00:12:36,870 --> 00:12:36,880 previous x-ray instruments have 585 00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:39,670 previous x-ray instruments have discovered an extremely hot gas that 586 00:12:39,670 --> 00:12:39,680 discovered an extremely hot gas that 587 00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:41,829 discovered an extremely hot gas that covers an enormous region within the 588 00:12:41,829 --> 00:12:41,839 covers an enormous region within the 589 00:12:41,839 --> 00:12:43,190 covers an enormous region within the cluster 590 00:12:43,190 --> 00:12:43,200 cluster 591 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,069 cluster bbxrt will analyze the chemical makeup 592 00:12:46,069 --> 00:12:46,079 bbxrt will analyze the chemical makeup 593 00:12:46,079 --> 00:12:47,750 bbxrt will analyze the chemical makeup of the gas 594 00:12:47,750 --> 00:12:47,760 of the gas 595 00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:50,470 of the gas clusters of galaxies what is the gas 596 00:12:50,470 --> 00:12:50,480 clusters of galaxies what is the gas 597 00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:52,470 clusters of galaxies what is the gas that is in them how hot it is and what 598 00:12:52,470 --> 00:12:52,480 that is in them how hot it is and what 599 00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:53,430 that is in them how hot it is and what it is 600 00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:53,440 it is 601 00:12:53,440 --> 00:12:56,230 it is is it just hydrogen from from the big 602 00:12:56,230 --> 00:12:56,240 is it just hydrogen from from the big 603 00:12:56,240 --> 00:12:58,230 is it just hydrogen from from the big bang or is it something that the 604 00:12:58,230 --> 00:12:58,240 bang or is it something that the 605 00:12:58,240 --> 00:13:00,949 bang or is it something that the galaxies that are going in this cluster 606 00:13:00,949 --> 00:13:00,959 galaxies that are going in this cluster 607 00:13:00,959 --> 00:13:02,230 galaxies that are going in this cluster that has 608 00:13:02,230 --> 00:13:02,240 that has 609 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:04,629 that has been spewing out and now it's heated up 610 00:13:04,629 --> 00:13:04,639 been spewing out and now it's heated up 611 00:13:04,639 --> 00:13:06,069 been spewing out and now it's heated up in the middle of the cluster in 612 00:13:06,069 --> 00:13:06,079 in the middle of the cluster in 613 00:13:06,079 --> 00:13:07,350 in the middle of the cluster in astrophysics this is important 614 00:13:07,350 --> 00:13:07,360 astrophysics this is important 615 00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:09,829 astrophysics this is important information and instruments like bbxrt 616 00:13:09,829 --> 00:13:09,839 information and instruments like bbxrt 617 00:13:09,839 --> 00:13:12,310 information and instruments like bbxrt give you that information it's just that 618 00:13:12,310 --> 00:13:12,320 give you that information it's just that 619 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:14,150 give you that information it's just that a lot of this information simply does 620 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:14,160 a lot of this information simply does 621 00:13:14,160 --> 00:13:16,550 a lot of this information simply does not exist right now and bbxrt will be 622 00:13:16,550 --> 00:13:16,560 not exist right now and bbxrt will be 623 00:13:16,560 --> 00:13:19,509 not exist right now and bbxrt will be producing this information 624 00:13:19,509 --> 00:13:19,519 producing this information 625 00:13:19,519 --> 00:13:21,590 producing this information the weeks prior to the launch are a time 626 00:13:21,590 --> 00:13:21,600 the weeks prior to the launch are a time 627 00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:23,430 the weeks prior to the launch are a time of great anticipation for the men and 628 00:13:23,430 --> 00:13:23,440 of great anticipation for the men and 629 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:26,230 of great anticipation for the men and women who work to build a telescope 630 00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:26,240 women who work to build a telescope 631 00:13:26,240 --> 00:13:28,629 women who work to build a telescope together with the ultraviolet telescopes 632 00:13:28,629 --> 00:13:28,639 together with the ultraviolet telescopes 633 00:13:28,639 --> 00:13:31,350 together with the ultraviolet telescopes bbxrt is positioned into the shuttle's 634 00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:31,360 bbxrt is positioned into the shuttle's 635 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,870 bbxrt is positioned into the shuttle's payload bay at the kennedy space center 636 00:13:34,870 --> 00:13:34,880 payload bay at the kennedy space center 637 00:13:34,880 --> 00:13:37,430 payload bay at the kennedy space center during the mission the x-ray telescope 638 00:13:37,430 --> 00:13:37,440 during the mission the x-ray telescope 639 00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:38,949 during the mission the x-ray telescope will be controlled from the goddard 640 00:13:38,949 --> 00:13:38,959 will be controlled from the goddard 641 00:13:38,959 --> 00:13:40,710 will be controlled from the goddard space flight center 642 00:13:40,710 --> 00:13:40,720 space flight center 643 00:13:40,720 --> 00:13:42,550 space flight center several flight simulations are held 644 00:13:42,550 --> 00:13:42,560 several flight simulations are held 645 00:13:42,560 --> 00:13:44,230 several flight simulations are held prior to launch 646 00:13:44,230 --> 00:13:44,240 prior to launch 647 00:13:44,240 --> 00:13:46,230 prior to launch many of the scientists and engineers who 648 00:13:46,230 --> 00:13:46,240 many of the scientists and engineers who 649 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:48,629 many of the scientists and engineers who built and tested the telescope practiced 650 00:13:48,629 --> 00:13:48,639 built and tested the telescope practiced 651 00:13:48,639 --> 00:13:50,629 built and tested the telescope practiced the commands and procedures to be used 652 00:13:50,629 --> 00:13:50,639 the commands and procedures to be used 653 00:13:50,639 --> 00:13:52,629 the commands and procedures to be used during the mission you can enable taps 654 00:13:52,629 --> 00:13:52,639 during the mission you can enable taps 655 00:13:52,639 --> 00:13:55,990 during the mission you can enable taps in bbxrt for command at this time 656 00:13:55,990 --> 00:13:56,000 in bbxrt for command at this time 657 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,350 in bbxrt for command at this time astro will be around the clock mission 658 00:13:59,350 --> 00:13:59,360 astro will be around the clock mission 659 00:13:59,360 --> 00:14:01,750 astro will be around the clock mission nearly every orbit the astronauts will 660 00:14:01,750 --> 00:14:01,760 nearly every orbit the astronauts will 661 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:04,230 nearly every orbit the astronauts will adjust the orientation of the shuttle 662 00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:04,240 adjust the orientation of the shuttle 663 00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:05,990 adjust the orientation of the shuttle then the telescopes will make fine 664 00:14:05,990 --> 00:14:06,000 then the telescopes will make fine 665 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:08,470 then the telescopes will make fine adjustments toward new targets 666 00:14:08,470 --> 00:14:08,480 adjustments toward new targets 667 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:10,230 adjustments toward new targets for part of the mission all the 668 00:14:10,230 --> 00:14:10,240 for part of the mission all the 669 00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:12,710 for part of the mission all the telescopes will point at the same target 670 00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:12,720 telescopes will point at the same target 671 00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:14,829 telescopes will point at the same target such as supernova 672 00:14:14,829 --> 00:14:14,839 such as supernova 673 00:14:14,839 --> 00:14:17,590 such as supernova 1987a by comparing simultaneous 674 00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:17,600 1987a by comparing simultaneous 675 00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:19,990 1987a by comparing simultaneous information taken in two different bands 676 00:14:19,990 --> 00:14:20,000 information taken in two different bands 677 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:22,069 information taken in two different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum 678 00:14:22,069 --> 00:14:22,079 of the electromagnetic spectrum 679 00:14:22,079 --> 00:14:24,069 of the electromagnetic spectrum scientists will gain a more complete 680 00:14:24,069 --> 00:14:24,079 scientists will gain a more complete 681 00:14:24,079 --> 00:14:26,550 scientists will gain a more complete understanding of these targets 682 00:14:26,550 --> 00:14:26,560 understanding of these targets 683 00:14:26,560 --> 00:14:29,430 understanding of these targets at other times the x-ray and ultraviolet 684 00:14:29,430 --> 00:14:29,440 at other times the x-ray and ultraviolet 685 00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:31,590 at other times the x-ray and ultraviolet telescopes will be pointed at different 686 00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:31,600 telescopes will be pointed at different 687 00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:32,870 telescopes will be pointed at different targets 688 00:14:32,870 --> 00:14:32,880 targets 689 00:14:32,880 --> 00:14:34,870 targets all data from the telescopes will be 690 00:14:34,870 --> 00:14:34,880 all data from the telescopes will be 691 00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,829 all data from the telescopes will be analyzed over the coming years 692 00:14:37,829 --> 00:14:37,839 analyzed over the coming years 693 00:14:37,839 --> 00:14:39,590 analyzed over the coming years what's been exciting about this project 694 00:14:39,590 --> 00:14:39,600 what's been exciting about this project 695 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:42,550 what's been exciting about this project is that science was conceived here 696 00:14:42,550 --> 00:14:42,560 is that science was conceived here 697 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:45,350 is that science was conceived here the instrument was developed here the 698 00:14:45,350 --> 00:14:45,360 the instrument was developed here the 699 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:47,269 the instrument was developed here the rest of the payload was developed and 700 00:14:47,269 --> 00:14:47,279 rest of the payload was developed and 701 00:14:47,279 --> 00:14:49,350 rest of the payload was developed and integrated and tested here 702 00:14:49,350 --> 00:14:49,360 integrated and tested here 703 00:14:49,360 --> 00:14:51,990 integrated and tested here and the whole payload will be controlled 704 00:14:51,990 --> 00:14:52,000 and the whole payload will be controlled 705 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:53,670 and the whole payload will be controlled from the goddard space flight center 706 00:14:53,670 --> 00:14:53,680 from the goddard space flight center 707 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:55,189 from the goddard space flight center control center 708 00:14:55,189 --> 00:14:55,199 control center 709 00:14:55,199 --> 00:14:57,189 control center largely we don't know 710 00:14:57,189 --> 00:14:57,199 largely we don't know 711 00:14:57,199 --> 00:14:59,590 largely we don't know exactly what we're going to see which is 712 00:14:59,590 --> 00:14:59,600 exactly what we're going to see which is 713 00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:01,030 exactly what we're going to see which is part of the excitement 714 00:15:01,030 --> 00:15:01,040 part of the excitement 715 00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:03,590 part of the excitement the 10 days will produce for us and 716 00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:03,600 the 10 days will produce for us and 717 00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:05,750 the 10 days will produce for us and discovering exactly what 718 00:15:05,750 --> 00:15:05,760 discovering exactly what 719 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:07,990 discovering exactly what what we do find because in the past 720 00:15:07,990 --> 00:15:08,000 what we do find because in the past 721 00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:09,990 what we do find because in the past x-ray astronomy new x-ray astronomy 722 00:15:09,990 --> 00:15:10,000 x-ray astronomy new x-ray astronomy 723 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:11,430 x-ray astronomy new x-ray astronomy missions have always produced something 724 00:15:11,430 --> 00:15:11,440 missions have always produced something 725 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:12,870 missions have always produced something we didn't anticipate 726 00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:12,880 we didn't anticipate 727 00:15:12,880 --> 00:15:14,949 we didn't anticipate in many circumstances those are the most 728 00:15:14,949 --> 00:15:14,959 in many circumstances those are the most 729 00:15:14,959 --> 00:15:17,110 in many circumstances those are the most have been the most exciting results 730 00:15:17,110 --> 00:15:17,120 have been the most exciting results 731 00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:19,269 have been the most exciting results and i'm very hopeful that the same will 732 00:15:19,269 --> 00:15:19,279 and i'm very hopeful that the same will 733 00:15:19,279 --> 00:15:24,870 and i'm very hopeful that the same will be true for bbxrt 734 00:15:24,870 --> 00:15:24,880 735 00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,670 the broadband x-ray telescope 736 00:15:27,670 --> 00:15:27,680 the broadband x-ray telescope 737 00:15:27,680 --> 00:15:29,590 the broadband x-ray telescope along with the astro ultraviolet 738 00:15:29,590 --> 00:15:29,600 along with the astro ultraviolet 739 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:30,949 along with the astro ultraviolet telescopes 740 00:15:30,949 --> 00:15:30,959 telescopes 741 00:15:30,959 --> 00:15:33,110 telescopes stands ready to deliver brand new 742 00:15:33,110 --> 00:15:33,120 stands ready to deliver brand new 743 00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:35,430 stands ready to deliver brand new information to scientists all over the 744 00:15:35,430 --> 00:15:35,440 information to scientists all over the 745 00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:36,470 information to scientists all over the world 746 00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:36,480 world 747 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:38,829 world about the greatest mysteries in the 748 00:15:38,829 --> 00:15:38,839 about the greatest mysteries in the 749 00:15:38,839 --> 00:15:41,509 about the greatest mysteries in the universe its origin 750 00:15:41,509 --> 00:15:41,519 universe its origin 751 00:15:41,519 --> 00:15:43,110 universe its origin its evolution 752 00:15:43,110 --> 00:15:43,120 its evolution 753 00:15:43,120 --> 00:16:27,990 its evolution and its future 754 00:16:27,990 --> 00:16:28,000 755 00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:38,790 do 756 00:16:38,790 --> 00:16:38,800 757 00:16:38,800 --> 00:16:40,880 you